See also: Global Survey of Circumcision Harm (2012 to present)

1999 AAP Policy	NOHARMM's response to the 1999 AAP policy
Critical analysis of the 1999 AAP policy	Cartoonists react to the 1999 AAP policy

  Recent Research on Male Genital Anatomy  The published research of Dr. John Taylor (below) demonstrates how circumcision destroys one-half of the skin and nervous system of the penis. Knowing the important lifelong functions of the prepuce (see Fleiss and Milos articles below), one can better understand how the loss of this densely-nerve laden tissue can adversely impact a male's sexuality and self-esteem, resulting in profound effects upon his life. The fact that increasing numbers of circumcised men are pursuing foreskin restoration methods, and have formed restoration support groups and counseling groups in the U.S. and other countries, is a clear indication that circumcision harms both the children upon whom it is imposed and the men they become.

• Circumcision supplement released by British Journal of Urology (January 1999). Contains 15 important articles. 
• The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision. John P Taylor, M.D.
  British Medical Journal 1996 (highlights: circumcision removes 50% or more of the penile skin, more than most parents envisage; the foreskin constitutes a specialized sensory component of the penis, providing a large and important platform for several nerves and nerve endings; articles on circumcision consistently fail to discuss the foreskin as a tissue worthy of preservation in its own right.)
• Normal development of the prepuce and the importance of smegma
• Anatomy of the Penis and Mechanics of Intercourse (anatomical and physiological illustrations)
• Care of the Intact Penis (NOCIRC brochure)
• Care of the Circumcised Penis (NOCIRC brochure)
• Circumcision Cuts Penis Sensitivity BJU International 2007
• Complications of Circumcision British Journal of Surgery 1993
• Adult Penile Circumcision: Erotosexual and Cosmetic Sequelae  Journal of Sex Research1983
• Circumcision: Male-Effects Upon Human Sexuality (color-coded photographs illustrating male genital anatomy and functions)  Marilyn F. Milos, R.N. and Donna Macris, C.N.M. Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia 1994
• Circumcised boys prone to penis problems, study shows Sex & Health March 1998
• Estimated U.S. Incidence of Neonatal Circumcision Complications (1940-1990)
• Estimated Worldwide Incidence of Male Circumcision Complications
• The Foreskin is Necessary. (discusses foreskin functions/harm of circumcision) Paul Fleiss, M.D. Mothering 1997
• The Problem of Circumcision in America The Truth Seeker 1989
• Similarities in Male & Female Genital Anatomy. (with illustrations) Thomas Ritter, M.D Say No to Circumcision 1996
• Statistics on Human Genital Mutilation

  Adverse Consequences of Circumcision  There has been no research into the adverse physical, sexual or psychological consequences to men from this childhood genital alteration that most did not choose. The claim that circumcised and intact penises are equal in sensitivity and function is based on old, flawed research. See Why Masters & Johnson's 1966 Circumcision Study is Flawed. Most people do not realize that infant circumcision destroys not a "snip," but 15 square inches of erogenous tissue. Many non-intact (circumcised) men do not understand how they have been damaged by circumcision (see photo guide: How to Identify Circumcision Damage in the Adult Male). NOHARMM began to document this harm in 1993 with a standardized Harm Documentation Form. [Complete and return this form to NOHARMM if you wish to participate in this survey.] Initial findings from the first 300 respondents to the preliminary poll were compiled into a report titled Awakenings, available from NOHARMM. A synopsis of these findings was published as Long-term Consequences of Neonatal Circumcision in Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy by Plenum Press (1997). As of 1998, almost 600 surveys have been returned to NOHARMM. There are indications that at least one-quarter of men circumcised in infancy resent the forced alteration of their genitals  See: Body image surveys examine men's (dis)satisfaction with circumcision.

  Alternatives & Natural Remedies  Circumcision at any age is now virtually obsolete because of increasing anatomical and physiological knowledge, as well as use of Circumcision Alternatives to prevent and treat penile problems. For some male genital problems, safe, effective and natural remedies are offered in The Male Herbal.

  Call for Research  More research, however, is needed into the long-term outcomes of circumcision, as well as the psychological motivations for our human urge to cut the genitals of innocent children. NOHARMM has issued a Call for Research to those seeking to document the effects of circumcision. Please share with us any other research suggestions you may have.

• Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique G.P., 1959
• Circumcision of the Female  G.P., 1958
• Circumcision in the Female: Its Necessity and How to Perform It  American Journal of Clinical Medicine, 1915
• How is Female Circumcision Trivialized? The Same Way as Male Circumcision
• Similarities in Attitudes & Misconceptions toward Infant Male Circumcision in North America and Ritual Female Genital Mutilation in Africa
• See also: Female Genital Genital Cutting Education and Networking Project

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